FAU Libraries Research Check List |
Third Step: How to Organize Resources
Tips When Collecting Resources
Determining the Scope of Research
Recording Bibliographic Information
Understanding Citations
Fourth Step: Other Important Information
Understanding Plagiarism
Understanding Copyright
Need Further Writing Help?
Need More Research Help?
First Step: Choosing a TopicUnderstanding Your Assignment:
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The process of writing
a research paper begins with receiving an assignment from your
instructor. This may done through the course syllabus, an assignment
sheet, or verbally. The first thing to do is to be sure you understand
the assignment and what is expected by your instructor. Some important
points to consider include: |
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What are the assignment requirements? Look carefully at the words used in describing the assignment. If your instructor uses words such as analyze, compare or argue, this should guide your approach to the topic. How long should the assignment be? Is there a requirement for the paper to be a certain number of pages? This may require you to narrow or expand your topic depending on available resources. Are there specific types of resources that should be used? Are you required to use specific formats of resources (books, journals, etc.), or other requirements such as primary sources, or peer-reviewed periodicals? Do you need to cite them using a particular style manual, such as APA or MLA? Alternatively, are there certain types of resources you should not use? (See Citation section below). When is the assignment due? It is never a good idea to wait until the last minute to attempt writing a research paper. Sources you need may not be available, computer glitches may occur, and other problems may arise which become far worse when your paper is due tomorrow! Who is the intended audience? Will your instructor be the only audience for your work, or will other people be exposed to it, such as in a class presentation. Be sure to gear the level of your work to the intended audience and what they already know about the topic.
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Survey of Resources
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Once you think you have a topic, do some quick searches in the catalog and in the databases. See if there will be enough materials on your topic before you become committed to the topic.
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What to do if there are too many or not enough resources available: You have too many results:
Broaden your topic or change it. |
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Second Step: Finding ResourcesHow to Find Materials:
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Location The resources might be in an electronic format (ebook, ejournal, etc.), print format (book, government document, etc.) or other media (CD, video, microform, etc.). The electronic format of items can be found through the Library’s Catalog, Indexes/Databases, or Electronic Journals. All the non-electronic formats can be found in the library. You can find these items by call number and by using the Library Map to see where in the library the collection or call number is located. For more information about reading call numbers please visit: http://www.library.fau.edu/geninfo/howto.htm.
Books Looking for Books? (Print or Electronic):
Articles Already Have a Citation for an Article? To find a specific journal title or article when you already have the citation, use the Electronic Journals link. This page lets you search for a journal title and will tell you which databases include the full text of that journal. The Citation Linker on this page allows you to search for a specific article when you have the citation information (journal title, author, article title, volume number, date, page numbers, etc.) in advance. Remember, not every journal is available online, and if you cannot find the article online, use the Library’s Catalog to see if the journal is available in print or microform here in the library. Looking for Articles on Your Subject? To find articles on a subject online, use the Indexes/Databases link and select a database to search for the articles. Some databases include links to the full text of electronic journal articles. If the citation of an article you want does not link to the full-text of the article, try clicking on SFX, which will give a shortcut to the online full text in other FAU Library subscription databases. If the article is not available online, the next step is to check the FAU Library’s Endeca Catalog, listed in the SFX box, to see if the journal is available in print or microform here in the library. Types of Periodicals (Electronic, Print, or Microform): Articles are found in periodicals (also called serials). These are publications that are available by subscription basis, such as newspapers, magazines and journals. Most periodicals the Library subscribes to are available online, but some may only be available in print, microfilm, or microfiche formats. Some professors may require you to use a certain type of periodical, especially peer-reviewed (also called scholarly, refereed or academic journals). Some major types of periodicals and where they may be found are listed below:
The Microforms Area is located behind the Reference Collection on the first floor, east wing of the Library. Two types of microforms are available: microfilm, which is on reels, and microfiche, which is on small sheets of plastic. All microforms are non-circulating. The collection includes newspapers, other periodicals, ERIC (Education) documents, and other specialized collections, such as ones on the history of women and the history of nursing. Some microform holdings are listed in the Library’s Catalog, others have separate guidebooks which are located in the Microforms Area. Microforms may be read, scanned or printed on machines located along the windows on the north side of the collections.
The Map Collection is located behind the Reference Collection on the first floor, east wing of the Library. Federal, State, National, and International travel maps are included.
Special Collections and Archives Special Collections and Archives is located on the second floor, east wing of the Library. Special Collections includes unique, rare, and/or fragile materials which are stored in a restricted, closed stack environment. The University Archives include materials documenting the history of Florida Atlantic University.
Some professors may require you to use a certain number of Internet resources in your research paper: others may request that you do not use Internet resources. It is important to understand that electronic books, journals, and databases provided through the Library’s web site are online versions of print resources, and although they are accessed on the Internet, they should not be considered as “Internet sources.” It is important to evaluate them using the criteria described in the link above.
Reserves are readings assigned by professors for a course that are made available through the Library. Reserves may be in the form of books which can only be checked out for a shorter period of time (one hour, three days, etc.) than usual, or articles/book chapters which may be available online or in paper. Books or paper copies of reserve articles are available at the Circulation Desk.
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What are Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sources?
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Your instructor may require you to use primary, secondary or tertiary sources in your research paper. Primary sources are original records created at the time historical events occurred or are recollections in the form of memoirs, diaries and/or oral histories. These sources may include: letters, manuscripts, diaries, journals entries, newspapers, speeches, interviews, memoirs, government documents, catalogs, handbooks, photographs, musical scores, audio recordings, moving pictures, video recordings, research data, objects or artifacts. The link above connects to a guide to primary sources in the FAU Library. Secondary Sources: Secondary sources provide analysis, interpretation or commentary regarding primary sources. These sources may include scholarly books and journal articles, commentaries, biographies (not autobiographies, which are primary sources), works of criticism, historical analyses, etc. Tertiary Sources: Tertiary sources are reference works which provide overviews and access to primary and secondary sources. Examples include indexes and abstracts, almanacs, bibliographies, digests, etc. |
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Third Step: How to Organize ResourcesTips When Collecting Resources:
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Evaluating Resources Most professors require SCHOLARLY resources. The following are topics to think about when evaluating materials for scholarship. Determine the Author's Authority: Title, degree, education, and other publications: Does the author appear to be an expert in the field? Can the author be contacted for clarification? Where to look: Who’s Who in America, Biography Resource Center or the University’s website where the author works Publisher: University Press, academic press, vanity press: Does the publisher have requirements about what is published or not? Where to look: Look at the publisher’s homepage. A limited list of websites can be found at: http://www.publishers.org/member/members.cfm or Ulrichsweb.com Source: Can all the information found be verified by another source? If there isn’t an author listed, is the organization reputable? Where to look: Check the "about" page, search resources like the Business and Company Resource Center. Look for reviews on the company. Compare this to the information found on other websites. Website: If the resource comes from a website, is the site available on a consistent basis or do pages “disappear”? If updates take place on the website, are they archived or logged? Are there a lot of links that lead to a dead end? Where to look: How often the website is updated can be found at the bottom of the page. Look for an archive link for previous versions of the website. Contact the author or organization and ask questions. |
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Determining the Scope of Research:
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What to Consider:
Topic:
Is the
purpose of the resource clearly stated and does the author meet the
goals of the topic? What does a scholarly resource mean? A scholarly resource means that the article or book was reviewed by experts in the respective field. Scholarly works are also called “peer-reviewed” or “refereed.” How can I tell if it is a scholarly resource? Print Journals If you are holding the journal in your hand, there are a couple of tricks to decide if the item is a good resource. Scholarly:
Non-scholarly/questionable:
Electronic Journals You will need to search for information for the journal, not the article.
Books Books are a little harder to verify that they are scholarly because most publishers do not have a peer-review process when publishing books. Scholarly:
Non-Scholarly/questionable:
What if I want to use Google Scholar or the Internet to find my resources? Google Scholar It’s ok to use Google Scholar, but keep this in mind:
The Internet Searching the Internet may seem easier, but actually requires a lot more work to prove that the source is reliable.
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Recording Bibliographic Information:
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It is important to collect all information necessary to cite your resources in your project. For every resource, make sure to copy down the following information.
You can also download this useful Form to record your resources. To download, right click on the word 'Form' and click on 'Save As or Save Target As' then save the Form to your Desktop. There is a database that will collect this information for you called RefWorks. This database can also be used to create a bibliography. However, all citations created with this database should be checked for mistakes, and not every professor will allow you to use this tool. |
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Understanding Citations:
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Gathering information and giving proper credit to your sources:
Why Cite?
When don’t I need to cite?
Type of Citations: Two main types
In-text or parenthetical citation example: Joyce employs several of these literary techniques in his writing (Madison, p. 234, 2007).
The text within your paper is assigned a number that will correspond to the number listed on the note at the bottom of your paper. All of this information then coincides to the full reference listed in the bibliography or works cited page. The assignment of numbers of footnotes is as such: 1for the first footnote on the page, 2 for the second footnote, and so on. Footnote exampleWithin the body of the paper: A peculiar reference was made about the faulty nature of cardiovascular systems in children born to epileptics.1 Actual note, as seen at the bottom of the same page:
1 G. Wayne Miller, King of Hearts: The True Story of the Maverick Who Pioneered Open Heart Surgery
How to Create a Bibliography or Works Cited Page: Both bibliographies and works cited pages contain full citations or bibliographic information for books, journals, etc. for your paper and are organized in alphabetical order by the author’s last name at the end of the paper. Check to see which format your professor prefers. Works Cited Page: Contains full citations in alphabetical order at the end of your document. Such sources are cited/referenced (discussed, quoted from, paraphrased from, etc.) within the body of your paper. Bibliography: A listing of all works used and consulted for writing your paper. You should include citation information for resources that are cited and/or resources that were merely consulted but not cited. Bibliographic and/or Works Cited Reference: Fitzgerald, F.Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1925. Madison, Lowry. Irish Literature. New York: Anywhere Publisher, 2007. Annotated bibliographies Sometimes your professor may want you to annotate your bibliography. Check out Cornell University’s guide below for an explanation of annotated bibliographies:
http://www.library.cornell.edu/t/help/res_strategy/citing/annotated.html Understanding Citations: There are a variety of citation styles. The following four styles will be highlighted here: APA, MLA, Chicago and Turabian. Please check with your professor prior to choosing a style. APA Style APA (American Psychological Association) style is based upon the standards put out by the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th edition). It is the required citation style for psychology majors or those writing in that field; however, those majoring in the social sciences also use it. Examples: APA Formatting and Style (American Psychological Association) APA Documentation (LEO: Literacy Education Online, St. Cloud University) http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/research/apadocument.html
APA Formatting and Style Guide (Purdue
University) APA Citation Style (Cornell University) http://www.library.cornell.edu/t/help/res_strategy/citing/apa.html APA guide available at FAU: REF BF76.7.P83 2001 Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 5th ed. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association, 2001.
MLA (Modern Language Association) is the citation style used by those majoring in and/or writing in the field of literature and other fields in the liberal arts and the humanities. Examples Frequently asked questions about MLA Style (Modern Language Association) MLA Citation and Format Style Guide (Bucknell Information Services and Resources) http://www.isr.bucknell.edu/img/assets/6535/mla.pdf Citation Styles Handbook: MLA (University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign) http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/writer_resources/citation_styles/mla/mla.htm MLA Formatting and Style Guide (Purdue University) http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/557/01 MLA guide available at FAU: REF LB2369.G53 2003 Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 6th ed. New York: Modern Language Association, 2003.
Chicago Style The Chicago Manual of Style offers two techniques for documenting citations: the humanities style (notes and bibliography) and the author-date system. Generally the subject matter determines which format to use. Choosing between the two often depends on subject matter and nature of sources cited, as each system is favored by different groups of scholars Those researching or studying in the area of literature, humanities and the arts typically prefer the “humanities citation style” The shorter version, the “author-date style” is most often implemented by researchers and students in the physical, natural, and social sciences. Examples: The Chicago Manual of Style Online http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html Chicago Manual of Style Citation Guide (The Ohio State University) http://library.osu.edu/sites/guides/chicagogd.php Chicago Style Guide (Health Sciences Libraries, University of Washington) http://healthlinks.washington.edu/hsl/styleguides/chicago.html Chicago/Turabian Documentation (University of Wisconsin, Madison, The Writing Center) http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocChicago.html Chicago guide available at FAU: REF Z253 .U69 The Chicago Manual of Style. 15 ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
Turabian Style This citation style is more typically used by those in researching in the social sciences or natural sciences.
Turabian
Samples for a Bibliography (Ithaca College, Library Resources and
Methods of Research)
Concordia
University Libraries Citation Guide- Turabian
Turabian
Citation Style (Long Island University)
Turabian
Citation Guide (Ohio State University) It is an online program that enables researchers to find, organize, manage and access their references. Why use RefWorks:
About RefWorks: RefWorks sometimes makes errors in preparing citations or references, so please double-check your citations and your bibliography or works cited page. Also, not all professors approve of RefWorks, so get your professor’s approval prior to using the program for your citations and research. |
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Fourth Step: Other Important InformationUnderstanding Plagiarism:
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Plagiarism is the act of copying, paraphrasing or using someone else’s words or ideas as your own without giving appropriate credit to the person. It is indeed considered theft/stealing from someone. Plagiarism can occur with both published and non-published works (including your classmates’ papers). Note: Using common, well-known, everyday knowledge and facts in your paper, without citations, is not a form of plagiarism. Some examples of plagiarism include, but are not limited to:
The following link to recommended student guidelines for ethnics and academic integrity provides detailed information on the FAU policy about plagiarism including penalties for plagiarizing: http://www.fau.edu/caupa/pdf/ethics_student_guidelines.pdf Stanford University offers an excellent definition for plagiarism along with some additional information on the subject at: http://www.stanford.edu/dept/vpsa/judicialaffairs/students/plagiarism.sources.htm |
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Understanding Copyright:
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What it is: Copyright law states that authors of original works have ownership over their productions and creations. According to the US copyright office, copyright law gives the authors (who are the owners of copyright) the sole right to do and to authorize users to do the following:
What is not covered by copyright? Copyright does not cover ideas, concepts, processes, procedures, etc. that are presented or discussed in someone else’s work. For more detailed information from the US copyright office, visit http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ1.html#wci Since we are working in the field of academia or in a university/academic setting, a certain amount of leeway is given to students and researchers in the area of copyright. This is due to the nature of our work falling within the scope of education. However, if you are downloading images, data, music or other works that are original works, you need to check for the creator's statement of permissible use and if there is a suggestion on how to give credit to the author, how material can be used, etc. You may very well need to ask for copyright permission to utilize these items in your work. It is very easy to infringe on copyright and if you are caught doing so, then you can be sued by all involved parties. Both copyright infringement and such lawsuits happen everyday in the United States, demonstrating the serious nature of this issue. For More Information: Basic information regarding what is covered by copyright law. http://policies.georgetown.edu/copyright/sections/copyrightbasics/ (Georgetown University) An excellent site providing an overview and frequently asked questions about copyright http://fairuse.stanford.edu/Copyright_and_Fair_Use_Overview/ (Stanford University) |
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Need Further Writing Help?
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Note: There is no assistance provided by the Writing Center for editing or proofing your paper. As well, the library does not do the following- edit or proof-read your paper, check citations or perform any other writing mechanical help. |
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Need More Research Help?
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Research Help Guide: Help with your research process http://www.library.fau.edu/depts/ref/start.htm Library Homepage: Catalog, databases, interlibrary loan, etc. Most important information is found in the "Quick Links" on the left side of the page. Research Subject Guides: For subject specific suggestions for databases, journals, search terms, reference books, etc. |
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